Solar cells as above, so below

of state below and above

A unique parameterization of the QCD equation of state below and above T c We present a unique parameterization of the equation of state of strongly interacting matter in the temperature interval 0.6T c · · · 3T c at µ = 0 within a quasi-particle model based on quark and gluon degrees of freedom. The extension to non-vanishing baryon-chemical potential is discussed.

Parameterizing above or below guaranteed values

We consider new parameterizations of NP-optimization problems that have nontrivial lower and/or upper bounds on their optimum solution size. The natural parameter, we argue, is the quantity above the lower bound or below the upper bound. We show that for every problem in MAX SNP, the optimum value is bounded below by an unbounded function of the input-size, and that the above-guarantee paramete...

Scalar mesons above and below 1 GeV

We show that two nonets and a glueball provide a consistent description of data on scalar mesons below 1.7 GeV. Above 1 GeV the states form a conventional qq̄ nonet mixed with the glueball of lattice QCD. Below 1 GeV the states also form a nonet, as implied by the attractive forces of QCD, but of more complicated nature. Near the center they are (qq)3̄(q̄q̄)3 in S-wave, with some qq̄ in P-wave, but ...

Silicon epitaxy below 200°C: Towards thin crystalline solar cells

Low temperature plasma processes provide a toolbox for etching, texturing and deposition of a wide range of materials. Here we present a bottom up approach to grow epitaxial crystalline silicon films (epi-Si) by standard RFPECVD at temperatures below 200°C. Booth structural and electronic properties of the epitaxial layers are investigated. Proof of high crystalline quality is deduced from spec...

Upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon solar cells with efficiency above 20%